Batch Production

Batch production occurs when many similar items are produced together. Each batch goes through one stage of the production process before moving onto next stage.  Good examples include:

• Cricket bat manufacture
• Baking / meal preparation
• Clothing production

The benefits and drawbacks of batch production include:

Advantages	Disadvantages
Making in batches reduces unit costs	Time lost switching between batches – machinery may need to be reset
Can still address specific customer needs (e.g. size, weight, style)	Need to keep stocks of raw materials. Cash also investment in work-in-progress
Use of specialist machinery & skills can increase output and productivity	Potentially de-motivating for  staff

Job Production

Job production involves firms producing items that meet the specific requirements of the customer. Often these are one-off, unique items such as those made by an architect or wedding dressmaker. For an architect, each building or structure that he designs will be different and tailored to the needs of each individual client.

With job production, a single worker or group of workers handles the complete task. Jobs can be on a small-scale involving little or no technology. However, jobs can also be complex requiring lots of technology.

With low technology jobs, production is simple and it is relatively easy to get hold of the skills and equipment required. Good examples of the job method include:

• Hairdressers
• Tailoring
• Painting and decorating
• Plumbing and heating repairs in the home

High technology jobs are much more complex and difficult. These jobs need to be very well project-managed and require highly qualified and skilled workers. Examples of high technology / complex jobs include:

• Film production
• Large construction projects
• Installing new transport systems

The main advantages and disadvantages of using job production include:

Advantages	Disadvantages
Product usually high quality	Cost of producing one unit or job is higher
Producer meets individual customer needs	Labour –intensive
Greater job satisfaction – involved in all stages of production	Requires investment in skills and training